Difference between revisions of "Amanita"
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| − | The | + | The [[genus]] '''''Amanita''''' contains about 600 [[species]] of [[agarics]], including some of the most [[toxic]] known [[mushrooms]] found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from [[mushroom poisoning]], with the [[death cap]] accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is [[α-amanitin]]. |
The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other than knowledgeable experts, from selecting any of these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of ''Amanita'' are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are ''[[Amanita zambiana]]'' and other fleshy species in central [[Africa]], ''A. basii'' and similar species in [[Mexico]], ''[[Amanita caesarea|A. caesarea]]'' and the "Blusher" [[Amanita rubescens]] in [[Europe]], and ''A. chepangiana'' in [[South-East Asia]]. Other species are used for colouring sauces, such as the red ''A. jacksonii'', with a range from eastern [[Canada]] to eastern Mexico. | The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other than knowledgeable experts, from selecting any of these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of ''Amanita'' are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are ''[[Amanita zambiana]]'' and other fleshy species in central [[Africa]], ''A. basii'' and similar species in [[Mexico]], ''[[Amanita caesarea|A. caesarea]]'' and the "Blusher" [[Amanita rubescens]] in [[Europe]], and ''A. chepangiana'' in [[South-East Asia]]. Other species are used for colouring sauces, such as the red ''A. jacksonii'', with a range from eastern [[Canada]] to eastern Mexico. | ||
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Several members of the section ''[[Phalloidieae]]'' are notable for their toxicity, containing toxins known as [[amatoxin]]s, which can cause liver failure and death. These include the death cap ''[[Amanita phalloides|A. phalloides]]''; species known as [[destroying angel]]s, including ''[[Amanita virosa|A. virosa]]'', ''[[Destroying angel|A. bisporigera]]'' and ''[[Amanita ocreata|A. ocreata]]''; and the fool's mushroom, ''[[Amanita verna|A. verna]]''. | Several members of the section ''[[Phalloidieae]]'' are notable for their toxicity, containing toxins known as [[amatoxin]]s, which can cause liver failure and death. These include the death cap ''[[Amanita phalloides|A. phalloides]]''; species known as [[destroying angel]]s, including ''[[Amanita virosa|A. virosa]]'', ''[[Destroying angel|A. bisporigera]]'' and ''[[Amanita ocreata|A. ocreata]]''; and the fool's mushroom, ''[[Amanita verna|A. verna]]''. | ||
| − | More recently, a series in the subgenus ''Lepidella'' has been found to cause acute renal failure, including ''[[Amanita smithiana|A. smithiana]]'' of northwestern North America, ''[[Amanita pseudoporphyria|A. pseudoporphyria]]'' of Japan, and ''[[Amanita proxima|A. proxima]]'' of southern Europe. | + | More recently, a series in the subgenus ''Lepidella'' has been found to cause acute renal failure, including ''[[Amanita smithiana|A. smithiana]]'' of northwestern North America, ''[[Amanita pseudoporphyria|A. pseudoporphyria]]'' of Japan, and ''[[Amanita proxima|A. proxima]]'' of southern Europe.<ref>Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Yiangou Y, Moreau PA. (2018). Preliminary phylogenetic investigations into the genus ''Amanita'' (Agaricales) in Cyprus, with a review of previous records and poisoning incidents. Documents Mycologiques 37: 201–218.</ref> |
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[[Category:Agaricales genera]] | [[Category:Agaricales genera]] | ||
[[Category:Hepatotoxins]] | [[Category:Hepatotoxins]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:40, 2 November 2019
| Amanita | |
|---|---|
| |
| Amanita muscaria Albin Schmalfuß, 1897 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Type species | |
| Amanita muscaria | |
| Diversity | |
| c. 600 species |
The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-amanitin.
The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other than knowledgeable experts, from selecting any of these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of Amanita are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are Amanita zambiana and other fleshy species in central Africa, A. basii and similar species in Mexico, A. caesarea and the "Blusher" Amanita rubescens in Europe, and A. chepangiana in South-East Asia. Other species are used for colouring sauces, such as the red A. jacksonii, with a range from eastern Canada to eastern Mexico.
Many species are of unknown edibility, especially in countries such as Australia, where many fungi are little-known.
Contents
Taxonomy
The name is possibly derived from Amanus (Ancient Greek: Ἁμανός), a mountain in Cilicia.
The genus Amanita was first published with its current meaning by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797.[1] Under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Persoon's concept of Amanita, with Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers. as the type species, has been officially conserved against the older Amanita Boehm (1760), which is considered a synonym of Agaricus L.[2]
Toxicity
Several members of the section Phalloidieae are notable for their toxicity, containing toxins known as amatoxins, which can cause liver failure and death. These include the death cap A. phalloides; species known as destroying angels, including A. virosa, A. bisporigera and A. ocreata; and the fool's mushroom, A. verna.
More recently, a series in the subgenus Lepidella has been found to cause acute renal failure, including A. smithiana of northwestern North America, A. pseudoporphyria of Japan, and A. proxima of southern Europe.[3]
Edibility
Although some species of Amanita are edible, many fungi experts advise against eating a member of Amanita unless the species is known with absolute certainty.[4] Because so many species within this genus are so deadly toxic, if a specimen is identified incorrectly, consumption may cause extreme sickness and possibly death.
Edible species of Amanita include Amanita fulva, Amanita vaginata (grisette), Amanita calyptrata (coccoli), Amanita crocea, Amanita rubescens (blusher), Amanita caesarea (Caesar's mushroom), Amanita jacksonii (American Caesar's mushroom), and Amanita citrina (false death cap).[5]
Inedible species of Amanita include Amanita albocreata (ringless panther), Amanita atkinsoniana, Amanita excelsa, Amanita franchetii, Amanita longipes, Amanita onusta, Amanita rhopalopus, Amanita silvicola, Amanita sinicoflava, Amanita spreta, and Amanita volvata.
Poisonous species include Amanita brunnescens, Amanita ceciliae, Amanita cokeri (Coker's amanita), Amanita crenulata, Amanita farinosa (eastern American floury amanita), Amanita flavorubescens, Amanita frostiana, Amanita muscaria (fly agaric), Amanita pantherina (panther cap), and Amanita porphyria.
Deadly poisonous species include Amanita abrupta, Amanita arocheae, Amanita bisporigera (eastern NA destroying angel), Amanita exitialis (Guangzhou destroying angel), Amanita magnivelaris, Amanita ocreata (western NA destroying angel), Amanita phalloides (death cap), Amanita proxima, Amanita smithiana, Amanita subjunquillea (East Asian death cap), Amanita verna (fool's mushroom), and Amanita virosa (European destroying angel).[5][6]
Psychoactive species
Amanita muscaria was widely used as an entheogen by many of the indigenous peoples of Siberia. Its use was known among almost all of the Uralic-speaking peoples of western Siberia and the Paleosiberian-speaking peoples of the Russian Far East. There are only isolated reports of A. muscaria use among the Tungusic and Turkic peoples of central Siberia and it is believed that on the whole entheogenic use of A. muscaria was not practised by these peoples.[7]
Amanita pantherina contains the psychoactive compound muscimol,[8] but is used as an entheogen much less often than its much more distinguishable relative A. muscaria.
Other species identified as containing psychoactive substances include:
- Amanita
- A. citrina
- A. gemmata[9]
- Amanita pantherina var. abietum[10]
- A. porphyria
- A. regalis[11]
- A. strobiliformis[12]
- Tricholoma
See also
References
- ↑ Persoon, C.H. (1797) Tent. disp. meth. fung.: 65
- ↑ J. McNeill et al. (eds)(2006) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna, 2005), Appendix IIIA Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda, B. Fungi "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2012-10-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Yiangou Y, Moreau PA. (2018). Preliminary phylogenetic investigations into the genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Cyprus, with a review of previous records and poisoning incidents. Documents Mycologiques 37: 201–218.
- ↑ Lincoff, Gary (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to Muschrooms. Knopf; A Chanticleer Press ed edition. p. 25. ISBN 0-394-51992-2.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. New York: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ↑ Zeitlmayr, L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire: Garden City Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-584-10324-7.
- ↑ Nyberg, H. (1992). "Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures". Karstenia. 32 (71–80).
- ↑ Barceloux D. G. (2008). "41 (Isoxazole-containing mushrooms and pantherina syndrome)". Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals (PDF). Canada: John Wiley and Sons Inc. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-471-72761-3.
- ↑ "Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Amanita gemmata (Gemmed Amanita)". www.erowid.org.
- ↑ "infraspecific taxa of pantherina - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella". www.amanitaceae.org.
- ↑ "Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Amanita muscaria var. regalis (Fly Agaric variety)". www.erowid.org.
- ↑ "Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Info on Ibotenic Acid & Muscimol". www.erowid.org.
- ↑ "Amanita pantherina var. pantherina - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amanita. |
- Rodham E. Tulloss and Zhu-liang Yang's Amanita site – Comprehensive listing of the nearly 600 named Amanita species with photos and/or technical details on over 510 species.
- "The genus Amanita" by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com, March 2005.
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- CS1 maint: archived copy as title
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- Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
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- Amanita
- Agaricales genera
- Hepatotoxins
